HOW TWO INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS HANDLE THE ENGLISH PAST TENSE: A CONTENT ANALYSIS IN A MALAYSIAN TAHFIDZ CONTEXT
Keywords:
content analysis, instructional materials, past tense system, grammar pedagogy, Tahfidz school
Abstract
The English past tense system is often considered one of the most challenging grammatical areas for EFL learners. As instructional materials play a central role in grammar learning, it is important to examine how past tense forms are represented and organized within teaching materials. This study aimed to analyze the representation of the English past tense system, evaluate the coverage of form, meaning, and use, and examine the organization and sequencing of past tense materials in instructional materials used at a Tahfidz Islamic boarding school in Malaysia. Employing a qualitative descriptive design, the study applied content analysis to one textbook and one module using Cunningsworth’s (1995) and Larsen-Freeman’s (2014) frameworks. The findings revealed that both materials represented all four major past tense forms and generally followed systematic organizational principles. However, differences emerged across the dimensions of form, meaning, and use. The textbook achieved higher scores in form (37/38) and meaning (19/20), whereas the module demonstrated stronger representation of use (15/16) through dialogues, speaking activities, and contextualized tasks. The findings suggest that combining structurally rich and communicatively oriented materials may better support balanced grammar instruction in Islamic boarding school contexts. However, the findings are limited to two instructional materials from a single institution.
References
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Al-hakim, H., Dartim, D., & Chehdimae, H. (2024). The Role of Digital Technology in Optimizing Education at Pesantren Muhammadiyah Boarding School Yogyakarta. Iseedu: Journal of Islamic Educational Thoughts and Practices, 8(1), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.23917/iseedu.v8i1.8844
Ali, S., Ali, I., & Hussain, S. (2021). Difficulties in the Applications of Tenses Faced by ESL Learners. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review, 2(1), 428–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol2-iss1-2021(428-435)
Ananda, J., & Asiza, N. (2025). From Theory to Practice: The Impact of Task- Based Learning on Grammar Proficiency in EFL Teaching. IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 13(1), 1622–1637. https://doi.org/10.24256/ideas.%20v13i1.6424
Andika, A., Tahrun, T., & Firdaus, M. (2023). Developing English Grammar Instructional Materials Oriented to Constructivism Theory. Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 11(2), 286. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v11i2.6838
Basori, B., Anggrisia, N. F., Mubarok, H., Mahfudza, F. Z., & Degaf, A. (2025). Integrating Islamic Values in EFL Instruction: Developing Speaking for Formal Interactions Textbook in an Islamic University Context. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Undiksha, 13(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpbi.v13i1.88860
Basori, B., Wihardini, D., Rofiki, I., & Maharany, E. R. (2024). Investigating pre-service teachers’ perceptions on readability tools: A case study in Indonesia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 13(1), 589. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i1.26333
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Cunningsworth, A. (1995). Choosing your Coursebook (1st ed.). Macmillan Heinemann.
Damis, W. H., Jabu, B., & Salija, K. (2024). Difficulties in Learning English Tenses Encountered by Senior High School Students. Pinisi Journal of Art, Humanity, and Social Studies, 4(2), 452–462.
Deni, A., Maemunah Sa’diyah, & Ouedraogo Saidou. (2024). Digital-based learning planning at baiturrahman islamic boarding school in the academic year 2024/2025. At Turots: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.51468/jpi.v6i1.487
Duffy Bayuong, P., Hashim, H., & Yunus, M. Md. (2025). Past Tense Forms in CEFR-Aligned English Textbooks Used at Malaysian Primary Schools and Their Directive Functions. Arab World English Journal, 16(3), 388–406. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol16no3.24
Ellis, R. (2006). Current Issues in the Teaching of Grammar: An SLA Perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264512
Ferangiz, G. (2025). Effective Ways Of Teaching Past Tenses In The English Language. Ta’lim Innovatsiyasi va Integratsiyasi, 54(1), 150–154.
Fitria, T. N. (2020). Error Analysis in Using Simple Past Tense Found in Students’ Writing of Recount Text. Ahmad Dahlan Journal of English Studies, 7(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.26555/adjes.v7i1.12238
Hidayat, M. Y. R., & Rohmana, W. I. M. (2025). Cognitive Levels Of Indonesian Junior High School English Textbook Questions: A Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Analysis. Journal of English Educational Study (JEES), 8(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31932/jees.v8i1.4565
Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2014). Teaching Grammar. In M. Celce-Murcia, D. M. Brinton, & M. A. Snow (Eds.), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language (4th ed., pp. 251–266). National Geographic Learning.
Lestari, I., Qalyubi, I., & Normuliati, S. (2025). Analysis of the Content of the English Textbook “Bright 1” for Grade VII Junior High School/MTs Students Based on Alan Cunningswort’s Theory. Journal of English Language and Education, 10(1), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v10i1.609
Lestari, U. M., Ningrum, A. S. B., & Aini, N. (2023). Content Analysis On Two English Textbooks For The Eighth Grader Of Junior High School. Magister Scientiae, 51(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.33508/mgs.v51i1.4413
Lim, W. M. (2024). What Is Qualitative Research? An Overview and Guidelines. Australasian Marketing Journal, 33(2), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619
Listia, R., & Febriyanti, E. R. (2020). EFL Learners’ Problems in Using Tenses: An Insight for Grammar Teaching. IJET (Indonesian Journal of English Teaching), 9(1), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.15642/ijet2.2020.9.1.86-95
Majeed, D. (2023). An Analysis of The Common Past Tense Errors Committed in Writing by Kurdish Learners of Efl. The Journal of University of Duhok, 26(2), 1624–1629. https://doi.org/10.26682/hjuod.2023.26.2.95
McGrath, I. (2016). Materials Evaluation and Design for Language Teaching. Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748694822
Mubarok, H., Anggrisia, N. F., & Degaf, A. (2026). Bridging Faith and Fluency: An Identity-Responsive Instructional Model for Islamic-Based English Speaking Materials. JPP Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 16(1), 67–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v16i1.pp67-94
Munir, & Nor, M. R. M. (2021). Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah, Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(1), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2021.101.67-88
Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook (Second edition). SAGE.
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Pan, M. X., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Researching English language textbooks: A systematic review in the Chinese context (1964–2021). Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 7(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-022-00156-3
Pitriyah, & Dewanti, R. (2024). Magister of English Education Department, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Law, Economics, and English, 6(2), 23–35.
Pratiwi, A. E., Korompot, C. A., & Tahir, M. (2022). Learning the Simple Past Tense in Narrative Texts: A Study of the Difficulties Experienced by Year 11 High School Students. Journal of Excellence in English Language Education, 1(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.26858/joeele.v1i2.32676
Putera, A. A., Syahriar, M. I. T., & Mubarok, M. N. (2025). Developing English and sign language module for hearing impaired students at SEN School Idayu 1 Malang. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning (JETLE), 6(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18860/jetle.v6i2.32307
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum Development in Language Teaching (First published 2001). Cambridge University Press. http://www.cambridge.org/ (Original work published Cambridge University Press)
Sabiq, A. H. A. & Muflihah. (2021). Content Analysis of an EAP Coursebook in an Islamic University. 3(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.36655/jetal.v3i1.598
Saputra, U. P. A., Rusafi, W. F. N. R., & Rohmana, W. I. M. (2024). Implementing Various Strategies in Teaching English through Literature in Islamic Boarding School. Journal of English Language Teaching, Literature and Culture, 3(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.53682/jeltec.v3i1.8294
Sari, E. N., Ardiana, A., & Sastrawati, I. (2022). Combining Think Pair Share Model with Digital Media to Enhance Students’ Basic Grammar Mastery: Is It Effective? International Journal of English Education and Linguistics (IJoEEL), 4(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.33650/ijoeel.v4i2.4733
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529682571
Sholikhah, Y. I., & Saefullah, H. (2024). Teacher-Students’ Classroom Interaction in Teaching Grammar with Interactive Learning Approach. JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(12), 5959–5963. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v5i12.3942
Sorohiti, M., & Aini, E. N. (2021). Grammar Teaching Materials: What Makes Them Interesting?: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2020–Social, Humanity, and Education (ICoSIHESS 2020), 518, 270–277. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210120.135
Sun, G. (2016). The Acquisition of English Articles by Second Language Learners. SAGE Open, 6(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016635716
Swan, M. (2005). Legislation by Hypothesis: The Case of Task-Based Instruction. Applied Linguistics, 26(3), 376–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami013
Tambunan, M. S., Sipayung, K. T., & Sinaga, N. T. (2019). Content Analysis Of English Textbook “Interactive English” Used In First Grade Juniorhigh School In 2013 Curriculum. JETAL: Journal of English Teaching & Applied Linguistic, 1(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.36655/jetal.v1i1.101
Tarrayo, V. N., & Anudin, A. G. (2023). Materials development in flexible learning amid the pandemic: Perspectives from English language teachers in a Philippine state university. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 17(1), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2021.1939703
Tomlinson, B. (Ed.). (2011). Materials development in language teaching (2nd ed). Cambridge University Press.
Tomlinson, B., & Masuhara, H. (2018). The Complete Guide to the Theory and Practice of Materials Development for Language Learning (First edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://www.wiley.com http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions (Original work published John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Uchenna, N. E., Pauline, U. C., Aloysius, E., Nwanneka, O. J., Uzochukwu, N. H., & Nkiruka, A. S. (2021). Study On The Availability And Utilization Of Instructional Media In Teaching And Learning Of The English Language In Secondary And Primary Schools In Ebonyi State. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 10(7), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.35629/6734-1007013644
Wahyudin, Novari, A. F., & Rohimajaya, N. A. (2025). The Analysis of English Course Book for Tenth Grade of Senior High School Based on Merdeka Curriculum. Journal of English Education Studies, 8(1), 13–32. https://doi.org/10.30653/005.202581.134
Widianto, E., & Pusse, T.-K. (2025). Cultura Franca: Investigating cultural gradations of Indonesian as a foreign language textbook. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 10(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-025-00335-y
Xu, J., & Li, C. (2022). Timing of form-focused instruction: Effects on EFL learners’ grammar learning. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 12(3), 405–433. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.3.4
Xu, J., & Ye, F. (2025). Two decades of research on ELT textbook content: A bibliometric and content analysis. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 16(1), 165–190. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.39278
Yılmaz, A. (2018). Form-meaning-use framework in grammar teaching: Research on noun clauses in writing skills. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 14(3), 37–55.
Abdul Syahid, Yeni Suryani, Winna, W., Lafifah Suliyya, & Fatma. (2024). Analysis of English for Specific Purposes Textbook Entitled Intelligent Bussines Based on Cunningsworth’s Theory. Journal of English for Specific Purposes in Indonesia, 3(2), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.33369/espindonesia.v3i2.34318
Alanazi, S. (2017). Explicit Language Teaching and Competence in Using the Past Tense in English Among Saudi EFL Learners. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS, 8(1), 1247–1250. https://doi.org/10.24297/jal.v8i1.6341
Al-hakim, H., Dartim, D., & Chehdimae, H. (2024). The Role of Digital Technology in Optimizing Education at Pesantren Muhammadiyah Boarding School Yogyakarta. Iseedu: Journal of Islamic Educational Thoughts and Practices, 8(1), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.23917/iseedu.v8i1.8844
Ali, S., Ali, I., & Hussain, S. (2021). Difficulties in the Applications of Tenses Faced by ESL Learners. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review, 2(1), 428–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol2-iss1-2021(428-435)
Ananda, J., & Asiza, N. (2025). From Theory to Practice: The Impact of Task- Based Learning on Grammar Proficiency in EFL Teaching. IDEAS Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 13(1), 1622–1637. https://doi.org/10.24256/ideas.%20v13i1.6424
Andika, A., Tahrun, T., & Firdaus, M. (2023). Developing English Grammar Instructional Materials Oriented to Constructivism Theory. Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 11(2), 286. https://doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v11i2.6838
Basori, B., Anggrisia, N. F., Mubarok, H., Mahfudza, F. Z., & Degaf, A. (2025). Integrating Islamic Values in EFL Instruction: Developing Speaking for Formal Interactions Textbook in an Islamic University Context. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Undiksha, 13(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpbi.v13i1.88860
Basori, B., Wihardini, D., Rofiki, I., & Maharany, E. R. (2024). Investigating pre-service teachers’ perceptions on readability tools: A case study in Indonesia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 13(1), 589. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i1.26333
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed). SAGE Publications.
Cunningsworth, A. (1995). Choosing your Coursebook (1st ed.). Macmillan Heinemann.
Damis, W. H., Jabu, B., & Salija, K. (2024). Difficulties in Learning English Tenses Encountered by Senior High School Students. Pinisi Journal of Art, Humanity, and Social Studies, 4(2), 452–462.
Deni, A., Maemunah Sa’diyah, & Ouedraogo Saidou. (2024). Digital-based learning planning at baiturrahman islamic boarding school in the academic year 2024/2025. At Turots: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.51468/jpi.v6i1.487
Duffy Bayuong, P., Hashim, H., & Yunus, M. Md. (2025). Past Tense Forms in CEFR-Aligned English Textbooks Used at Malaysian Primary Schools and Their Directive Functions. Arab World English Journal, 16(3), 388–406. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol16no3.24
Ellis, R. (2006). Current Issues in the Teaching of Grammar: An SLA Perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264512
Ferangiz, G. (2025). Effective Ways Of Teaching Past Tenses In The English Language. Ta’lim Innovatsiyasi va Integratsiyasi, 54(1), 150–154.
Fitria, T. N. (2020). Error Analysis in Using Simple Past Tense Found in Students’ Writing of Recount Text. Ahmad Dahlan Journal of English Studies, 7(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.26555/adjes.v7i1.12238
Hidayat, M. Y. R., & Rohmana, W. I. M. (2025). Cognitive Levels Of Indonesian Junior High School English Textbook Questions: A Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Analysis. Journal of English Educational Study (JEES), 8(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31932/jees.v8i1.4565
Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2014). Teaching Grammar. In M. Celce-Murcia, D. M. Brinton, & M. A. Snow (Eds.), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language (4th ed., pp. 251–266). National Geographic Learning.
Lestari, I., Qalyubi, I., & Normuliati, S. (2025). Analysis of the Content of the English Textbook “Bright 1” for Grade VII Junior High School/MTs Students Based on Alan Cunningswort’s Theory. Journal of English Language and Education, 10(1), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.31004/jele.v10i1.609
Lestari, U. M., Ningrum, A. S. B., & Aini, N. (2023). Content Analysis On Two English Textbooks For The Eighth Grader Of Junior High School. Magister Scientiae, 51(1), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.33508/mgs.v51i1.4413
Lim, W. M. (2024). What Is Qualitative Research? An Overview and Guidelines. Australasian Marketing Journal, 33(2), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619
Listia, R., & Febriyanti, E. R. (2020). EFL Learners’ Problems in Using Tenses: An Insight for Grammar Teaching. IJET (Indonesian Journal of English Teaching), 9(1), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.15642/ijet2.2020.9.1.86-95
Majeed, D. (2023). An Analysis of The Common Past Tense Errors Committed in Writing by Kurdish Learners of Efl. The Journal of University of Duhok, 26(2), 1624–1629. https://doi.org/10.26682/hjuod.2023.26.2.95
McGrath, I. (2016). Materials Evaluation and Design for Language Teaching. Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748694822
Mubarok, H., Anggrisia, N. F., & Degaf, A. (2026). Bridging Faith and Fluency: An Identity-Responsive Instructional Model for Islamic-Based English Speaking Materials. JPP Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 16(1), 67–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v16i1.pp67-94
Munir, & Nor, M. R. M. (2021). Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah, Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 10(1), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2021.101.67-88
Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook (Second edition). SAGE.
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Pan, M. X., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Researching English language textbooks: A systematic review in the Chinese context (1964–2021). Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 7(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-022-00156-3
Pitriyah, & Dewanti, R. (2024). Magister of English Education Department, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Law, Economics, and English, 6(2), 23–35.
Pratiwi, A. E., Korompot, C. A., & Tahir, M. (2022). Learning the Simple Past Tense in Narrative Texts: A Study of the Difficulties Experienced by Year 11 High School Students. Journal of Excellence in English Language Education, 1(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.26858/joeele.v1i2.32676
Putera, A. A., Syahriar, M. I. T., & Mubarok, M. N. (2025). Developing English and sign language module for hearing impaired students at SEN School Idayu 1 Malang. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning (JETLE), 6(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18860/jetle.v6i2.32307
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum Development in Language Teaching (First published 2001). Cambridge University Press. http://www.cambridge.org/ (Original work published Cambridge University Press)
Sabiq, A. H. A. & Muflihah. (2021). Content Analysis of an EAP Coursebook in an Islamic University. 3(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.36655/jetal.v3i1.598
Saputra, U. P. A., Rusafi, W. F. N. R., & Rohmana, W. I. M. (2024). Implementing Various Strategies in Teaching English through Literature in Islamic Boarding School. Journal of English Language Teaching, Literature and Culture, 3(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.53682/jeltec.v3i1.8294
Sari, E. N., Ardiana, A., & Sastrawati, I. (2022). Combining Think Pair Share Model with Digital Media to Enhance Students’ Basic Grammar Mastery: Is It Effective? International Journal of English Education and Linguistics (IJoEEL), 4(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.33650/ijoeel.v4i2.4733
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529682571
Sholikhah, Y. I., & Saefullah, H. (2024). Teacher-Students’ Classroom Interaction in Teaching Grammar with Interactive Learning Approach. JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(12), 5959–5963. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v5i12.3942
Sorohiti, M., & Aini, E. N. (2021). Grammar Teaching Materials: What Makes Them Interesting?: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sustainable Innovation 2020–Social, Humanity, and Education (ICoSIHESS 2020), 518, 270–277. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210120.135
Sun, G. (2016). The Acquisition of English Articles by Second Language Learners. SAGE Open, 6(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016635716
Swan, M. (2005). Legislation by Hypothesis: The Case of Task-Based Instruction. Applied Linguistics, 26(3), 376–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami013
Tambunan, M. S., Sipayung, K. T., & Sinaga, N. T. (2019). Content Analysis Of English Textbook “Interactive English” Used In First Grade Juniorhigh School In 2013 Curriculum. JETAL: Journal of English Teaching & Applied Linguistic, 1(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.36655/jetal.v1i1.101
Tarrayo, V. N., & Anudin, A. G. (2023). Materials development in flexible learning amid the pandemic: Perspectives from English language teachers in a Philippine state university. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 17(1), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2021.1939703
Tomlinson, B. (Ed.). (2011). Materials development in language teaching (2nd ed). Cambridge University Press.
Tomlinson, B., & Masuhara, H. (2018). The Complete Guide to the Theory and Practice of Materials Development for Language Learning (First edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. http://www.wiley.com http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions (Original work published John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Uchenna, N. E., Pauline, U. C., Aloysius, E., Nwanneka, O. J., Uzochukwu, N. H., & Nkiruka, A. S. (2021). Study On The Availability And Utilization Of Instructional Media In Teaching And Learning Of The English Language In Secondary And Primary Schools In Ebonyi State. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 10(7), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.35629/6734-1007013644
Wahyudin, Novari, A. F., & Rohimajaya, N. A. (2025). The Analysis of English Course Book for Tenth Grade of Senior High School Based on Merdeka Curriculum. Journal of English Education Studies, 8(1), 13–32. https://doi.org/10.30653/005.202581.134
Widianto, E., & Pusse, T.-K. (2025). Cultura Franca: Investigating cultural gradations of Indonesian as a foreign language textbook. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 10(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-025-00335-y
Xu, J., & Li, C. (2022). Timing of form-focused instruction: Effects on EFL learners’ grammar learning. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 12(3), 405–433. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2022.12.3.4
Xu, J., & Ye, F. (2025). Two decades of research on ELT textbook content: A bibliometric and content analysis. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 16(1), 165–190. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.39278
Yılmaz, A. (2018). Form-meaning-use framework in grammar teaching: Research on noun clauses in writing skills. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 14(3), 37–55.
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2026-09-25
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